Realism

Realism emerged simultaneously in France and Great Britain just before 1850. It is a movement that appears in reaction to Romanticism, which has dominated European art for five decades. Realism is the expression of an unidealized reality.
It is Gustave Courbet who laid the foundations for it, and these can also be connected to a form of Naturalism. Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe by Edouard Manet will crystallize the "for and against" and give rise to the "Salon des Refusés". It is a divisive movement, as it is one of the first not to claim "beauty" as the basis for research.
In the United States, the movement (called American Realism) will reach its peak late (around 1930) but will have a huge impact on painting (and beyond), giving rise to the imagery of the American Way of Life, with painters like Edward Hopper, Mary Cassatt, Grant Wood, and even the illustrator Norman Rockwell.

Caillebotte Gustave

Degas Edgar

Hopper Edward

Wood Grant